What are R logical operators?

a) Operators that combine logical expressions and return TRUE or FALSE

b) Operators that compare numerical values

c) Operators that perform arithmetic operations

d) Operators that manipulate character strings

Answer:

a) Operators that combine logical expressions and return TRUE or FALSE

Explanation:

R logical operators are used to combine multiple logical expressions or to negate a logical value. They return a logical value (TRUE or FALSE) based on the conditions. The main logical operators in R are:

AND (&): Returns TRUE if both operands are TRUE.
OR (|): Returns TRUE if at least one operand is TRUE.
NOT (!): Returns TRUE if the operand is FALSE and vice versa.

# Examples of R logical operators
a <- TRUE
b <- FALSE

print(a & b)  # Output: FALSE (AND)
print(a | b)  # Output: TRUE (OR)
print(!a)     # Output: FALSE (NOT)

In this example, logical operators are used to evaluate expressions involving Boolean values a and b. The results show how the logical operators combine or negate these values.

Logical operators are commonly used in decision-making processes in R, such as within if statements or loops, where the flow of the program depends on multiple conditions being met or not met.