Cost accounting is primarily used for budgeting, cost management, and cost control. It involves the process of recording, classifying, analyzing, summarizing, and allocating various alternative courses of action for the control of costs.
2. What does 'variable cost' mean in cost accounting?
a) A cost that does not change with the level of production
b) A cost that changes in proportion to the level of production
c) A fixed overhead cost
d) A one-time cost incurred by a company
Answer:
b) A cost that changes in proportion to the level of production
Explanation:
Variable costs are expenses that vary directly with the level of production output. They increase as production increases and decrease as production decreases.
3. Which costing method assigns both fixed and variable manufacturing costs to products?
a) Direct costing
b) Activity-based costing
c) Absorption costing
d) Marginal costing
Answer:
c) Absorption costing
Explanation:
Absorption costing, also known as full costing, is a method that assigns both fixed and variable manufacturing costs to products. All costs associated with the production of a product are absorbed by that product.
4. What is 'Break-even analysis' used for in cost accounting?
a) To determine the company's total revenue
b) To identify the profitability of a business
c) To calculate the point at which total cost and total revenue are equal
d) To set the optimal selling price for a product
Answer:
c) To calculate the point at which total cost and total revenue are equal
Explanation:
Break-even analysis is used to determine the point at which total cost and total revenue are equal, meaning there is no net loss or gain. It's a crucial tool for understanding the relationship between costs, volume, and profits.
5. What is the main purpose of 'standard costing'?
a) To measure performance by comparing actual costs to standard costs
b) To calculate the exact cost of production
c) To estimate the future costs of materials
d) To determine the selling price of products
Answer:
a) To measure performance by comparing actual costs to standard costs
Explanation:
Standard costing involves assigning pre-determined estimated costs to cost units and then comparing actual costs with these standard costs to measure the performance of cost management.
6. In cost accounting, what does 'overhead' refer to?
a) Direct labor costs
b) Direct materials costs
c) Costs not directly traceable to specific units of production
d) The cost of finished goods inventory
Answer:
c) Costs not directly traceable to specific units of production
Explanation:
Overhead costs refer to expenses that are not directly traceable to specific units of production, such as manufacturing overheads including rent, utilities, and salaries of support staff.
7. What is 'Marginal Costing'?
a) Accounting for all costs, fixed and variable
b) Considering only variable costs in product costing
c) Focusing on fixed costs only
d) Estimating the future costs of production
Answer:
b) Considering only variable costs in product costing
Explanation:
Marginal costing, also known as direct costing or variable costing, is a costing technique where only variable costs are charged to product units. Fixed costs are treated as period costs and are written off in the period they are incurred.
8. What is 'activity-based costing' (ABC)?
a) A method that allocates fixed costs to products
b) A method that assigns overhead costs based on each product's activities
c) A traditional method of assigning only direct costs to products
d) A method used exclusively in the service sector
Answer:
b) A method that assigns overhead costs based on each product's activities
Explanation:
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing method that assigns overhead and indirect costs to related products and services based on the activities they require. This approach is more accurate as it focuses on cost drivers.
9. What is 'job costing'?
a) Estimating costs after the completion of a job
b) Assigning costs to each individual unit produced
c) Accumulating costs for a specific job or batch
d) A method used in mass production industries
Answer:
c) Accumulating costs for a specific job or batch
Explanation:
Job costing is a cost accounting system in which costs are assigned to specific jobs or batches. This system is used when the products produced are sufficiently different from each other.
10. What is the difference between 'cost accounting' and 'financial accounting'?
a) Cost accounting is more focused on the future, while financial accounting deals with the recording of past transactions
b) Cost accounting is mandatory, while financial accounting is optional
c) Financial accounting deals with costs, while cost accounting deals with financial statements
d) Financial accounting is used for internal decision making, while cost accounting is for external users
Answer:
a) Cost accounting is more focused on the future, while financial accounting deals with the recording of past transactions
Explanation:
Cost accounting primarily focuses on the analysis of costs for internal decision-making, often dealing with future projections, while financial accounting focuses on recording historical financial transactions for external reporting.
11. What is 'process costing' used for?
a) Assigning costs in service industries
b) Tracking costs in projects with a long duration
c) Assigning costs in industries where production is continuous
d) Calculating costs for customized products
Answer:
c) Assigning costs in industries where production is continuous
Explanation:
Process costing is used in industries where production is continuous, and products are indistinguishable from each other, like in chemical or textile manufacturing. It assigns costs to each process or stage of production.
12. What does 'contribution margin' represent in cost accounting?
a) The amount of fixed costs
b) The difference between sales revenue and total costs
c) The difference between sales revenue and variable costs
d) The total revenue from the best-selling product
Answer:
c) The difference between sales revenue and variable costs
Explanation:
Contribution margin is the difference between sales revenue and variable costs. It represents the amount available to cover fixed costs and contribute to profit.
13. In costing, what is meant by 'cost driver'?
a) The most significant fixed cost in a production process
b) A factor that causes overhead costs
c) The primary raw material used in production
d) A factor that drives down the total cost of production
Answer:
b) A factor that causes overhead costs
Explanation:
A cost driver in costing is a factor that causes overhead costs. It is an activity or event that causes the cost of an activity or work object to change.
14. What is 'direct costing'?
a) Charging all costs, both direct and indirect, to production
b) Assigning only indirect costs to products
c) Assigning only direct costs to products
d) Calculating costs after production is completed
Answer:
c) Assigning only direct costs to products
Explanation:
Direct costing, also known as variable costing, is a method in which only direct costs (like direct materials and direct labor) are included in product cost. It excludes fixed manufacturing overhead.
15. What does 'prime cost' consist of in manufacturing?
a) Direct materials and direct labor
b) Direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead
c) Indirect materials and indirect labor
d) Selling and administrative expenses
Answer:
a) Direct materials and direct labor
Explanation:
Prime cost in manufacturing is the total of direct materials and direct labor costs. It represents the direct production costs assignable to specific goods or services produced.
16. What is 'absorption rate' in cost accounting?
a) The rate at which a product is absorbed into the market
b) The rate at which fixed costs are allocated to units produced
c) The rate at which a company's profits are absorbed by taxes
d) The rate at which variable costs change with production volume
Answer:
b) The rate at which fixed costs are allocated to units produced
Explanation:
The absorption rate in cost accounting refers to the rate at which fixed overheads are allocated to units of output produced. It is used in absorption costing to spread fixed costs over the number of units produced.
17. What is 'cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis'?
a) Analysis of the impact of different levels of sales and production on profit
b) Analysis of the variations in cost over different periods
c) Analysis of profit earned from each product
d) Analysis of the volume of production at maximum capacity
Answer:
a) Analysis of the impact of different levels of sales and production on profit
Explanation:
Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is a managerial accounting technique that studies the effects of changes in costs and volume on a company's profits. It is a useful tool in making decisions about pricing, production levels, and product mix.
18. What is 'target costing'?
a) Setting a cost based on the expected selling price of a product
b) Calculating the cost after the product is designed
c) Targeting the highest cost areas for reduction
d) Setting a cost based on competitor pricing
Answer:
a) Setting a cost based on the expected selling price of a product
Explanation:
Target costing is a cost management technique wherein the selling price of a product is used to reverse engineer the product's cost. The desired profit margin is subtracted from the selling price to arrive at a target cost.
19. In cost accounting, what is 'overhead absorption'?
a) The process of reducing overhead costs
b) The process of allocating overhead costs to cost units
c) The process of analyzing the types of overhead costs
d) The process of excluding overhead costs from the product cost
Answer:
b) The process of allocating overhead costs to cost units
Explanation:
Overhead absorption is the process of allocating overhead costs, such as indirect costs, to individual cost units. This process ensures that all costs of production are accounted for in the cost of the product.
20. What does 'job order costing' involve?
a) Estimating costs before production begins
b) Assigning costs to individual units or small batches of a distinct product
c) Grouping similar products together for cost analysis
d) Using a standard cost for all products
Answer:
b) Assigning costs to individual units or small batches of a distinct product
Explanation:
Job order costing involves assigning costs to individual units or small batches of products. Each job (or batch) is treated as a separate cost unit, with costs accumulated for each job separately.
21. What is the main objective of 'life-cycle costing'?
a) To determine the cost of a product over its entire life cycle
b) To calculate the depreciation of machinery
c) To assess the profitability of a product at each stage of production
d) To estimate the cost of disposal of a product
Answer:
a) To determine the cost of a product over its entire life cycle
Explanation:
Life-cycle costing involves assessing the total cost of a product, from inception and production to disposal, including costs at various stages like research, design, production, and after-sales support.
22. What does 'cost of goods sold' (COGS) include?
a) Only the direct costs of producing goods that have been sold
b) Both direct and indirect costs of producing goods that have been sold
c) Only the indirect costs of producing goods that have been sold
d) The total sales revenue of goods
Answer:
b) Both direct and indirect costs of producing goods that have been sold
Explanation:
Cost of goods sold (COGS) includes both direct and indirect costs associated with producing goods that have been sold, such as material costs, direct labor, and overhead costs related to production.
23. What is 'batch costing'?
a) Calculating the cost for each unit produced
b) Estimating the cost for a single batch of goods
c) Calculating the total cost for all units produced in a year
d) Assigning costs based on the average production cost
Answer:
b) Estimating the cost for a single batch of goods
Explanation:
Batch costing is a type of costing method used for items that are produced in batches. It involves calculating the cost of producing a batch and then determining the cost per unit within the batch.
24. What is the main difference between 'fixed cost' and 'variable cost'?
a) Fixed cost varies with production, while variable cost remains constant
b) Fixed cost is associated with production, while variable cost is not
c) Fixed cost remains constant regardless of production levels, while variable cost varies with production
d) Fixed cost is a one-time expense, while variable cost is recurring
Answer:
c) Fixed cost remains constant regardless of production levels, while variable cost varies with production
Explanation:
Fixed costs are expenses that do not change in relation to production activity, such as rent or salaries, while variable costs are expenses that vary directly with the level of production, such as raw materials.
25. What is 'marginal costing' primarily used for?
a) To determine the fixed cost per unit
b) To assist in decision-making regarding pricing and production
c) To calculate the total production cost
d) To determine the break-even point for total sales
Answer:
b) To assist in decision-making regarding pricing and production
Explanation:
Marginal costing is a costing technique used primarily for decision-making. It involves considering the additional costs of producing one more unit of a product (the marginal cost) and is used to make decisions about pricing, product mix, and production volume.