The accounting equation is fundamental to the double-entry bookkeeping system. It represents that all assets are either financed by borrowing money (liability) or by the owner's own investment (owner's equity).
2. What is an asset?
a) A resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events
b) A future economic benefit
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer:
c) Both a and b
Explanation:
An asset is a resource that the entity controls due to past events and from which future economic benefits are expected.
3. What does depreciation represent in accounting?
a) Decrease in the value of an asset over time
b) Decrease in the profit of the business
c) Increase in liabilities
d) Increase in owner's equity
Answer:
a) Decrease in the value of an asset over time
Explanation:
Depreciation represents the allocation of the cost of an asset over its useful life, reflecting the decrease in value due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or other factors.
4. Which of the following is a liability?
a) Accounts Receivable
b) Inventory
c) Accounts Payable
d) Cash
Answer:
c) Accounts Payable
Explanation:
Accounts payable is a liability as it represents the amount the company owes to its suppliers or creditors.
5. What is the main purpose of financial accounting?
a) To manage the company's tax liabilities
b) To provide financial information to external users
c) To assist in day-to-day management of the business
d) To ensure compliance with employment law
Answer:
b) To provide financial information to external users
Explanation:
The main purpose of financial accounting is to provide financial information about the business to external parties such as investors, creditors, and regulatory bodies.
6. Which of the following is considered an expense in accounting?
a) Loan repayment
b) Purchase of machinery
c) Salary payments
d) Issuance of stock
Answer:
c) Salary payments
Explanation:
Salary payments are considered an expense as they represent the cost of employing staff, which is consumed during the accounting period.
7. What is the double-entry bookkeeping system?
a) A system where each transaction affects at least two accounts
b) A system where each transaction is recorded twice
c) A system used only in managerial accounting
d) A system where transactions are recorded at the end of each year
Answer:
a) A system where each transaction affects at least two accounts
Explanation:
The double-entry bookkeeping system is a method of recording transactions where each transaction affects at least two accounts, with a debit in one account and a corresponding credit in another.
8. What is accrual accounting?
a) Recognizing revenues when they are earned and expenses when they are incurred
b) Recording transactions only when cash is exchanged
c) Focusing on future transactions
d) Simplifying accounts for small businesses
Answer:
a) Recognizing revenues when they are earned and expenses when they are incurred
Explanation:
Accrual accounting is an accounting method where revenues and expenses are recorded when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is actually received or paid.
9. What does the term 'liquidity' refer to in accounting?
a) The ability of a company to meet its long-term financial obligations
b) The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash
c) The profitability of a company
d) The amount of long-term investments a company holds
Answer:
b) The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash
Explanation:
Liquidity refers to how quickly and easily an asset can be converted into cash without significantly affecting its market price.
10. Which financial statement reports a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period?
a) Balance Sheet
b) Income Statement
c) Cash Flow Statement
d) Statement of Owner's Equity
Answer:
b) Income Statement
Explanation:
The Income Statement (or Profit and Loss Statement) reports a company's revenues, expenses, and profit or loss over a specific accounting period.
11. What is a balance sheet used for?
a) To show the financial position of a business at a specific point in time
b) To record the day-to-day transactions of a business
c) To show the profitability of a business over a period of time
d) To manage the payroll of employees
Answer:
a) To show the financial position of a business at a specific point in time
Explanation:
A balance sheet is a financial statement that shows the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a business at a particular date, providing a snapshot of its financial position.
12. What is the principle of conservatism in accounting?
a) Recognizing expenses and liabilities as soon as possible
b) Maximizing reported profits
c) Overstating the value of assets
d) Ignoring potential losses
Answer:
a) Recognizing expenses and liabilities as soon as possible
Explanation:
The conservatism principle in accounting dictates that potential expenses and liabilities should be recognized immediately, while revenue should only be recognized when it is assured.
13. Which of the following is an example of a current asset?
a) Buildings
b) Machinery
c) Inventory
d) Goodwill
Answer:
c) Inventory
Explanation:
Inventory is considered a current asset because it is expected to be sold or used within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
14. In accounting, what does GAAP stand for?
a) General Accepted Accounting Practices
b) Global Accounting Accreditation Procedures
c) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
d) General Accounting and Auditing Policies
Answer:
c) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Explanation:
GAAP refers to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, which are a common set of accounting principles, standards, and procedures that companies must follow when they compile their financial statements.
15. What is the matching principle in accounting?
a) Matching the balance of assets and liabilities
b) Recording revenues and the expenses that brought them in the same period
c) Aligning the business goals with accounting methods
d) Matching credits and debits in the double-entry system
Answer:
b) Recording revenues and the expenses that brought them in the same period
Explanation:
The matching principle states that companies should report an expense on their income statement in the period in which the related revenues are earned.
16. What is a ledger in accounting?
a) A list of transactions recorded in journals
b) The principal book for recording and totaling economic transactions
c) A summary of all accounts payable
d) A record of all cash transactions
Answer:
b) The principal book for recording and totaling economic transactions
Explanation:
A ledger is the principal book or computer file for recording and totaling economic transactions measured in terms of a monetary unit of account by account type, with debits and credits in separate columns and a beginning and ending balance.
17. Which statement is true about a trial balance?
a) It is used to prepare the income statement and balance sheet
b) It is a legal document for tax purposes
c) It records only the cash transactions of a business
d) It is the same as a balance sheet
Answer:
a) It is used to prepare the income statement and balance sheet
Explanation:
A trial balance is a bookkeeping worksheet in which the balances of all ledgers are compiled into debit and credit account column totals that are equal, used as the primary basis for preparing financial statements.
18. What is the main difference between cash basis and accrual basis accounting?
a) Cash basis recognizes transactions when cash changes hands, while accrual basis recognizes transactions when they occur
b) Cash basis is used for financial reporting, while accrual basis is used for tax purposes
c) Accrual basis is simpler than cash basis
d) Cash basis is more accurate than accrual basis
Answer:
a) Cash basis recognizes transactions when cash changes hands, while accrual basis recognizes transactions when they occur
Explanation:
Cash basis accounting recognizes revenue and expenses only when money changes hands, while accrual basis accounting recognizes revenue when it's earned and expenses when they're billed (but not paid).
19. What is the purpose of an audit in accounting?
a) To prepare financial statements
b) To evaluate a company's financial statements to ensure accuracy and compliance with accounting standards
c) To calculate taxes owed
d) To create a budget for the upcoming year
Answer:
b) To evaluate a company's financial statements to ensure accuracy and compliance with accounting standards
Explanation:
An audit is an objective examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization to make sure that the records are a fair and accurate representation of the transactions they claim to represent.
20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fixed asset?
a) It is intended for sale in the ordinary course of business
b) It is used in the operations of a business
c) It is not easily converted into cash
d) It is expected to be used for more than one year
Answer:
a) It is intended for sale in the ordinary course of business
Explanation:
Fixed assets, such as buildings, machinery, and equipment, are used in the operations of a business, are not easily converted into cash, and are expected to be used for more than one year. They are not intended for sale in the ordinary course of business.
21. What is the primary purpose of managerial accounting?
a) To provide information to external users like investors and creditors
b) To aid internal management in making informed business decisions
c) To comply with tax regulations
d) To record day-to-day financial transactions
Answer:
b) To aid internal management in making informed business decisions
Explanation:
Managerial accounting is primarily used to provide information and insights to internal management for the purpose of planning, controlling, and decision-making within the organization.
22. What does 'amortization' typically refer to in accounting?
a) The process of spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life
b) The process of paying off a debt over time in regular installments
c) The decrease in value of physical assets
d) The increase in value of an investment over time
Answer:
a) The process of spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life
Explanation:
In accounting, amortization refers to the allocation of the cost of an intangible asset, like a patent or trademark, over its useful life.
23. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good internal control system in accounting?
a) Minimal documentation of transactions
b) Concentration of duties in a few hands
c) Regular independent audits
d) Lack of clear lines of authority and responsibility
Answer:
c) Regular independent audits
Explanation:
A good internal control system includes regular independent audits to ensure compliance and accuracy, along with other features like adequate documentation, segregation of duties, and clear lines of authority and responsibility.
24. What is the main difference between a journal and a ledger in accounting?
a) A journal is used for recording transactions in chronological order, while a ledger groups transactions by account
b) A journal is a legal document, while a ledger is not
c) A ledger is used for initial recording of transactions, while a journal is for summarizing them
d) A journal records cash transactions only, while a ledger records all types of transactions
Answer:
a) A journal is used for recording transactions in chronological order, while a ledger groups transactions by account
Explanation:
In accounting, a journal is a detailed record of all the financial transactions in chronological order, whereas a ledger is an accounting book that summarizes these transactions into accounts.
25. What is equity in accounting?
a) The total assets minus total liabilities of an entity
b) The initial investment made by the owners of a company
c) The amount of money borrowed from creditors
d) The total amount of inventory held by a company
Answer:
a) The total assets minus total liabilities of an entity
Explanation:
Equity, in accounting, represents the owner's claim on the company's assets, which is calculated as the total assets minus total liabilities.
26. What is the primary purpose of the statement of cash flows?
a) To show the company's profitability
b) To display the changes in equity
c) To present the liquidity and solvency of the company
d) To provide detailed information on all cash inflows and outflows
Answer:
d) To provide detailed information on all cash inflows and outflows
Explanation:
The statement of cash flows provides detailed information on a company's cash inflows and outflows, categorized into operating, investing, and financing activities, thus showing how the company raises and spends cash.
27. In accounting, what are 'accounts payable'?
a) Amounts the company owes to its creditors
b) Amounts owed to the company by its customers
c) The company’s investments in other businesses
d) The company’s cash reserves
Answer:
a) Amounts the company owes to its creditors
Explanation:
Accounts payable represent the amounts that a company owes to its suppliers or creditors for goods or services received that have not yet been paid for.
28. Which of the following is an example of a non-current liability?
a) Accounts Payable
b) Credit Card Debt
c) Mortgage Payable
d) Utility Bills
Answer:
c) Mortgage Payable
Explanation:
Non-current liabilities are obligations that are due after a year or more. Mortgage payable is a good example as it typically extends beyond one year.
29. What is 'revenue recognition' in accounting?
a) The method of evenly distributing revenue over a fiscal year
b) The process of recording revenues when they are realized and earned
c) The act of adjusting revenue based on market changes
d) The process of converting assets into revenue
Answer:
b) The process of recording revenues when they are realized and earned
Explanation:
Revenue recognition is a principle in accounting that determines the specific conditions under which revenue is recognized or accounted for. Generally, revenue is recognized when it is realized and earned.
30. What does 'COGS' stand for in accounting?
a) Cost of Goods Sold
b) Cash on General Sale
c) Carry-Over Goods Stock
d) Calculation of Gross Sales
Answer:
a) Cost of Goods Sold
Explanation:
COGS stands for Cost of Goods Sold. It refers to the direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold by a company, including the cost of the materials and labor used in their production.